堆浸生产黄金浸出周期浅析

云南富源胜境关金矿开发生产初期，运用堆浸理论，根据矿山工业场地实际和矿石的物理化学性质，及矿石中的有害杂质(组织)的含量，多次试验、调整技术参数(堆浸场地物理性质、矿石粒度、矿堆高度、矿堆渗透性、氰化物浓度、浸出液碱性、浸出温度、喷淋强度、吸附流速或流量等)，完善浸出工艺，缩短浸出周期，提高浸出率，取得了良好的经济效益。     

中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动

天山是研究现今陆内造山作用及过程、陆内变形、陆内强震及其预测等大陆动力学问题的理想实验场。西南天山和塔里木之间的新生代褶皱－逆断裂带基本上由一南冲弧形推覆构造系统和一向北反冲的构造系统组成，由北而南主要由以下4个运动学单元组成：（1）新生代复活的喀拉铁热克山－天山南脉古生代造山带，其快速变形和抬升可能起始于23－26Ma前，持续至13－16Ma前。（2）向南逆冲的西南天山前陆薄皮主冲断带，包括木兹杜克弧形薄皮推覆体和依柯冲断带，前者代表了向南薄皮逆掩的天山型岩系，地表主要表现为一系列的飞来峰群，在14Ma前曾有过大规模活动，最小缩短量约为20－35km，最小缩短速率为1．4－2．8mm/a；后者代表了向南叠瓦状薄皮逆冲推覆的前陆古生代基底（塔里木地台型沉积岩系）卷入构造，其西段在距今14Ma时曾有过强烈活动。两者共同组成了一复杂的双重构造；新生代地层也卷入变形。（3）喀什－阿图什弧形反冲褶皱－逆断裂带，由3排向北（天山）反冲的左阶雁列展布的第四纪地表滑脱褶皱组成，仅在大山口以西发育。该构造带形成于距今约1．4Ma以后。依什拉克喀拉乌尔断裂以南，博古孜河剖面的最小缩短速率约为5．8mm/a，翁库尔剖面的最小缩短速率约为8．6mm/a。（4）塔里木克拉通下盘块体，向北西方向缓倾，内部变形较小。里木块体西北存在明显的不均匀性，其学问基底高角度逆断裂和走滑断裂控制了盆地新生代沉积的厚度，导致西南天山前陆冲断带的地形地貌、地层、构造变形样式、变形时间以及变形缩短量沿走向的巨大差异性。迈丹－喀拉铁克断裂和阿图什断裂带均为岩石圈规模断裂，研究区的中强地震主要发生在这两条断裂带以及它们之间的西南天山前陆冲断带上。     

晚更新世以来南天山阿克苏地区地壳缩短率

作者研究南天山中段阿克苏—库车山前带活动断层,发现断层切过托木尔峰山麓第四纪冰碛物和阶地,形成2条断层崖。通过测量阶地和冰碛物的变形量,推断阶地和冰碛物的沉积年代,估算南天山中段阿克苏地区晚更新世以来的地壳缩短率可能为1.85mm/a。这个缩短率与库尔勒地区(2mm/a)和柯坪地区(1.8mm/a)的地壳缩短率一致,但是小于南天山西段喀什地区(10±2mm/a)和天山东段玛纳斯地区(6±3mm/a)的地壳缩短率,表明天山不同地段的地壳缩短率存在明显差异。     

新疆-甘肃北山金矿南带的成矿流体演化和成矿机制

北山金矿南带是西北5省区规模最大的金矿带。选择北山南带的新金厂、老金厂和小西弓金矿床，在矿床地质和岩相学研究的基础上，对脉石英的流体包裹体进行了显微温度计和激光拉曼探针气体成分测定；对石英和矿石黄铁矿的包裹体H2O，CO2和CH4进行了H和C同位素组成测定，对石英和黄铁矿分别做了O和S同位素组成测定。3个金矿床的脉石英含有富CO2＋CH4、H2O溶液以及H2O-CO2＋CH4包裹体。小西弓金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于270℃-450℃，一部分H2O溶液包裹体圈闭了高盐度流体（16．43—18．63wt．％NaCl equiv．），大部分H2O溶液包裹体和全部富CO2＋CH。包裹体代表了中-低盐度（2．8％-13．6％）流体。新金厂金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于210℃-346℃；一部分流体包裹体圈闭了高盐度（10．98％～14％NaCl equiv．）流体，一部分H2O溶液包裹体和绝大多数富CO2＋CH4包裹体圈闭了中-低盐度（2．9％-8．81％NaCl equiv．）流体。老金厂金矿床H2O溶液包裹体的均一化温度主要分布于141℃-400℃，含盐度介于1．4％-8．28％，属于中-低盐度流体。进行了大气降水-围岩^18O／^16O、D／H交换反应模拟。小西弓矿床早期硫化物-石英脉金矿成矿流体对应较高的水／岩比（=0．01—0．05），其^18O／^16O和D／H组成更受钾长花岗岩者控制，硫化物的δ^34S值也接近钾长花岗岩的黄铁矿者，指示热液流体围绕着钾长花岗岩的对流淋滤。成矿晚期，围绕着花岗岩侵入体的热液对流崩溃，矿区围岩内发育更大尺度的彼此分离的弥漫性流体渗透淋滤；相应地，小西弓矿床晚期蚀变岩金矿成矿流体的8D值对应低水／岩比（0．005-≈0．01），其δ^18O值变化范围较宽，受当地中元古界变质岩控制，蚀变岩型金矿黄铁矿的δ^34S值也接近中元古界长英质片岩的黄铁矿者。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿成矿流体的δD值和δ^18O值对应的水／岩值分别介于0．004—0．01和0．007～0．02，与岩浆流体或者下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩和英安岩围岩具有更密切的关系。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿黄铁矿样品的δ^34S值介于-2．58‰和-6．32‰，指示S来源于下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩、英安岩和碳质板岩围岩。3个金矿的石英包裹体CO2（δ^13C=-2．20‰--9．14‰），以及石英和黄铁矿包裹体CH4（δ^13C=013．10‰--27．40‰）不平衡；前者来源于幔源岩浆去气，后者来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或者中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳。3个金矿黄铁矿包裹体的CO（δ^13C=-10．79‰--23．62‰）主要来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳，但是，也混合了较少的岩浆CO2。包裹体CO2和CH4δ^13C值的系统变化，也反映了从岩浆侵位和去气、流体对流，到围岩中流体大面积弥漫性渗透淋滤的演化过程。CH4介入成矿流体，导致流体不混溶和金的沉淀。北山金矿南带的形成既不同于典型的造山带型金矿床，也不同于与侵入岩有关的金矿床。我们提出北山金矿南带的成矿模式为：岩浆去气和流体对流、岩石挤压破碎、流体弥漫性渗透淋滤。     

不同变形速率下前陆褶皱冲断带的发育特征——基于砂箱物理模拟实验研究

构造模拟实验是研究和模拟自然界地质构造现象、变形特征、成因机制和动力学过程的一种物理实验方法。本文基于砂箱构造物理模型高、中、低速7组不同单向挤压速度的构造模拟实验,揭示不同变形速率下砂箱物质变形的几何学、运动学及其演化特征,探讨不同变形速度(尤其是不同量级速度)对前陆褶皱冲断构造变形的重要性。高速单向挤压变形过程中(0.4~0.1mm/s),砂箱模型中石英砂体后缘构造加积强烈,砂体变形主要以楔形体向前扩展变形为主,其构造样式主要表现为前展式叠瓦冲断构造。中速挤压变形过程中(0.05~0.005mm/s),砂体后缘加积相对较弱,构造变形样式主要为砂箱楔形体前缘先形成(前展式为主)逆冲断层,当达到临界楔形体后,反冲断层发育并与前展式逆冲断层构成冲起构造,构造样式上表现为叠瓦构造与冲起构造的无序叠加。低速挤压变形过程中(0.002mm/s),砂箱物质构造样式以典型冲起带为主。由于砂箱模拟过程的时效性,即如何在最有效时间内获得最全面而复杂的演变过程,通过本次系列实验,我们建议将此有效挤压速度设定为0.05~0.005mm/s范围内,可以先后清晰而全面的获得高速和低速挤压下砂体的变形过程和构造样式。     

Structural style of the Chos Malal fold and thrust belt,Neuquén basin,Argentina: Relationship between thick- and thin-skinned tectonics

The Chos Malal fold and thrust belt (FTB) is a thick-skinned mountain belt formed by Mesozoic deposits of the Neuquén Basin during the Andean orogeny. Four structural cross-sections in the entire deformed area, supported by field and subsurface data, suggest a strong link between thick and thin-skinned structures. Major Andean thrusts branching from a detachment placed 12 km into the crust created large basement wedges, which were inserted in the cover producing minor order structures. The westernmost of these wedges is exposed forming the Cordillera del Viento, while others basement slices at depth were interpreted from seismic lines. These thick-skinned structures transferred deformation to the cover along the Auquilco Formation and contributed to create all thin-skinned structures surveyed in the Chos Malal FTB. We recognized half-graben geometries in the seismic lines, preserving their extensional configuration, which suggests that the main normal faults were not inverted. Shortenings calculated from the restoration of the four cross-sections are 16.9 km (29.7%), 16.9 km (29.7%), 14.7 km (26.9%) and 14.15 km (26.3%), which evidence a slight diminution of the contraction toward the south probably associated with the plunge of the Cordillera del Viento structure in this segment of the Chos Malal FTB.     

Overprinted strike-slip deformation in the southern Valley and Ridge in Pennsylvania

Two major faults, over 32 km long and 6.4 km apart, truncate or overprint most previous folds and faults as they trend more northerly than the previous N25°E to N40°E fold trends. The faults were imposed as the last event in a region undergoing sequential counter-clockwise generation of tectonic structures. The western Big Cove anticline has an early NW verging thrust fault that emplaces resistant rocks on its NW limb. A 16 km overprint by the Cove Fault is manifested as 30 small northeast striking right-lateral strike-slip faults. This suggests major left-lateral strike-slip separation on the Cove Fault, but steep, dip-slip separation also occurs. From south to north the Cove Fault passes from SE dipping beds within the Big Cove anticline, to the vertical beds of the NW limb. Then it crosses four extended, separated, Tuscarora blocks along the ridge, brings Cambro-Ordovician carbonates against Devonian beds, and initiates the zone of overprinted right-lateral faults. Finally, it deflects the Lat 40°N fault zone as it crosses to the next major anticline to the northwest. To the east, the major Path Valley Fault rotates and overprints the earlier Carrick Valley thrust. The Path Valley Fault and Cove Fault may be Mesozoic in age, based upon fault fabrics and overprinting on the east–west Lat 40°N faults.     

Impact of the Late Triassic Dashtak intermediate detachment horizon on anticline geometry in the Central Frontal Fars,SE Zagros fold belt,Iran

Integration of 2-D seismic lines, well data and field studies allow us to determine the geometry variations of anticlines in the highly prolific Central Frontal Fars region in the SE Zagros fold belt. These variations are directly related to changes in thickness of the principal evaporitic intermediate detachment level, located along the Late Triassic Dashtak Formation. Anticlines of short wavelength contain a significant over-thickening of the evaporitic detachment level in their crestal domain that may reach 1900 m (from an original thickness of 550–800 m). Folds containing thick Dashtak evaporites show decoupling across the detachment level and, thus, a shift of the anticline crest in the underlying Permo-Triassic carbonates of the Dehram Group, which form the major gas reservoir in the Central Frontal Fars. Four main parameters control the extent and distribution of the decoupled anticlines in the study area: (a) original large thickness of the Late Triassic evaporitic basin; (b) coinciding larger amounts of anhydrites with increasing total thickness of formation; (c) parallel occurrences of abnormally high fluid pressures; and (d) shortening variations across, and along, the strike of specific folds. The present work relating the different parameters of the Dashtak evaporites with the anticline geometry allows a better understanding of the fold geometry variations with depth, which is applicable to oil and gas exploration in the SE Zagros and other similar hydrocarbon provinces characterised by intermediate detachment horizons.     

Evolution of thrust system deformation in an intracratonic chain: Study of the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas

The development of belt structures in intracratonic chains is guided by the convergence system. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, several parameters control the evolution of thrust folds during different tectonic phases. One of these phases is tectonic inheritance, which leads to the reactivation of pre-existing normal faults during compressive phases. The angle between the direction of these faults and the shortening axis (NNW-SSE) is the most important parameter for interpreting the mode of the evolution of thrust folds. Jebel Elkebar is an example of a structure developed on NW-SE-oriented faults that is perpendicular to the shortening axis. Based on the geometry of its folds, Jebel Elkebar is interpreted as a 'Fault Related Fold'. The E-W-oriented Orbata structure is oblique to the direction of the shortening axis and is interpreted through the model 'Fault Propagation Fold' with 'Breakthrough'. The Gafsa Fault, which is parallel to the shortening axis, is a transpressional fault interpreted through the 'Strain Partitioning' mode, which is associated with the oblique ramp fold. The development of various thrust folds requires the presence of a basal decollement level during the Triassic succession. In the Southern-Central Tunisian Atlas, the deformation is variable (geometry of fold closure) and is correlated with the depth of the decollement level; indeed, the intensity of deformation is proportional to the depth of the decollement level. Consequently, the most important deformation is in the higher successions and is a vertical migration of the decollement level associated with thin-skinned deformation.     

Paleomagnetic evidence for large en-bloc rotations in the Eastern Alps during Neogene orogeny

We present new paleomagnetic data from the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Central Alps of Austria. All new data are overprint magnetizations and can be subdivided into two groups: In rocks older than earliest Rupelian, two remagnetizations reflecting both clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation were detected. In rocks of late Rupelian and younger ages, only a counter-clockwise rotated remagnetization was found. Our results together with results from previous paleomagnetic studies from the Eastern and Southern Alps suggest two main phases of vertical axis rotation. The first, clockwise rotation affecting the Northern Calcareous Alps was active between earliest to Late Rupelian. We propose a model where the Northern Calcareous Alps are segmented into individual blocks. Within a dextral shear corridor these blocks rotated clockwise due to the counter-clockwise rotation of the Southern Alps and Central Alps. The second, counter-clockwise rotation occurred in the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, affecting Eastern and Southern Alps. In this stage of orogeny, the internal massifs of the Western Alps were already accreted to the upper plate and therefore included in counter-clockwise rotation. This rotation is contemporaneous with counter-clockwise rotation in the Apennines and opening of the Balearic basin, and a genetic relationship is suggested. A second step of counter-clockwise rotation, reconstructed from published data, is observed in the sedimentary basins at the southeastern margin of the Eastern Alps, where counter-clockwise rotated Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary rocks are present. This rotation is seen in connection to a young counter-clockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate.